Cuban leaders in ideological struggle with youth

Posted on Thu, Aug. 24, 2006

Cuban leaders in ideological struggle with youth

By Frances Robles

McClatchy Newspapers

(MCT)

MIAMI - As a 24-year-old Havana potato vendor who makes $10 a month -
double if he finds side jobs - Ricardo doesn't have anything against
communism or Fidel Castro.

He would just like some extra money to replace his shabby tennis shoes
or even buy a car. A diabetic who appreciates Cuba's free health care,
he says that even with the boost from his $6-a-month wage last year, his
income just isn't enough.

"The only bad thing here is the salary system. ... With capitalism, we'd
have to work harder to pay for everything. I'd have to pay for my
medicine," he said before adding, "I'd like the same system, but I just
want to earn more."

Therein lies the problem for the Cuban government, which acknowledges
that it has largely failed to capture the hearts of the nation's nearly
5 million Cubans under the age of 30. In a country where 70 percent of
the 11 million people has known no other leader except Fidel Castro, the
government is keenly aware of the challenge that lies ahead.

With the 80-year-old Castro ailing and his 75-year-old brother Raul now
in charge, government leaders know that many of Cuba's youth are looking
forward to a new leader who can at least help them buy new shoes.

In a speech last year, Foreign Minister Felipe Perez Roque - himself
just 41 - noted that 1.5 million of today's young adults were 10 years
old when Cuba's economy virtually imploded with the end of Soviet
subsidies in 1991, so they know little of the island's pre-Castro struggles.

They don't know, Perez Roque said, what it is to pay half your salary
for rent or to go to college only if your parents can afford it.

"We have a challenge," Perez Roque said. "These young people have more
information and more consumer expectations than those at the start of
the revolution. ... Sometimes I am sure that when you speak of free
health care and education, many of them say, `Oh, please, don't come to
me with that same old speech.'"

Many young people, he added, turned to "negative" activities.

A 2000 report by the Center for Youth Studies in Havana said 60 percent
of the unemployed are young people. Blaming the U.S. trade embargo,
another of the center's reports last year acknowledged that youth were
losing interest in education and sometimes turned to prostitution
because of the "imbalance" between what they want and what they can afford.

"There's a lot of disenfranchised youth," said Damian Fernandez, on
temporary leave as director of the Cuban Research Institute at Florida
International University. "They have been bombarded with propaganda of
the state that they failed to believe. They don't want more voluntary
work and more sacrifices."

Last year Castro unveiled a new "social work" program - 28,000 young
people in matching T-shirts who have descended upon the nation's fuel
pumps and oil refineries to crack down on widespread theft. Like the
youths sent to the countryside in the 1960s to teach peasants how to
read, Castro considers them as the next generation of socialists who
will save his revolution.

"The government tries to combat all this tuning off with more rhetoric
and more indoctrination," Fernandez said. "It seems counter-productive."

Fernandez said more young people are joining the Union of Young
Communists, not for political allegiance but opportunism. The government
says some 600,000 people are members of the party's youth branch.

"From the crib, the government dedicates itself to prepare young people
to satisfy its projects," said Liannis Merino Aguilera, director of a
dissident news agency called Youth Without Censorship. "I call it fatal
indoctrination through manipulative organizations. People like me who
don't join are marginalized."

Merino, 22, said young people today feel they can not plan for the
future with so few professional options.

"The problem with Cuban youth is very far from politics," she said by
phone from the eastern province of Holguin. "This current communist
government is not going to solve it. If it hasn't resolved it in 47
years, why would they be able to do it now?"

Ahmed Rodriguez, 21, co-director of the news agency, says he knows how
the government can convince today's young adults.

"If the government wants to capture the hearts of the young people, all
it has to do is give higher salaries that cover living expenses,
democracy, and freedom," he said flatly.

Rodriguez and Merino's views are unusual in that it's rare for young
people to openly declare themselves in opposition to the government and
risk sanctions. Several young people interviewed in Havana mostly talked
about the struggle to make ends meet.

"Young people want to be able to live off their salaries," said
Rodriguez, who lost his $10 monthly job in the tobacco industry when he
joined the dissident movement. "We can't buy things, we can't go out
with our girlfriends.

"What are you going to do with $10?"

Cuba's ideological struggle with youth is nothing new. In the past,
Castro has cracked down on aspects of youth culture such as rock and
roll, long hair and tight jeans. In the late 1980s, one group of
disenchanted youth dubbed frikis grew so disillusioned that they
deliberately injected themselves with the AIDS virus, reportedly so they
could live better in well-stocked health facilities sets aside for AIDS
patients.

The ruling Communist Party first censored rap music, but then embraced
it and even organized an annual rap music festival.

In 2000, when the government was locked in a custody battle to win back
shipwrecked rafter Elian Gonzalez, Castro launched the "battle of
ideas," an ideological campaign to reinforce the values of communism
among the island's younger generation.

"The battle of ideas cannot be lost, and it will not be lost," Castro
has said.

In recent months the government has made efforts to promote a younger
class of revolutionary leaders. A recently created Communist Party
Secretariat has several members in their 40s, born after the
revolution's triumph in 1959.

Elsa Falkenburger, Cuban program officer at the Washington Office on
Latin America, said those new leaders are bound to make changes to
benefit the nation's young.

"As things progress from Fidel to Raul to whoever comes after, there's a
different feeling," Falkenburger said. "There is a different generation
that can't help but bring that perspective, in choosing which policies
they hope to see for their future."

Dissident Damarys Garcia Antunez, 24, said most young Cubans are taking
a "wait and see" attitude to the government's new leadership.

"These are decisive moments for Cubans. The young people are trying to
see what change this will bring for their lives," Garcia said by phone
from the central city of Villa Clara. "That change is within us. We have
to take the step forward and show we can do it.

"We need young people to wake up."

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